Order this document
Photodermatol 1987 Feb;4(1):23-31
Several lines of evidence suggest a role for solar exposure in the etiology of cutaneous melanoma. Increased incidence rates in light-complexioned, easily burning, poor tanning individuals; lower rates in Blacks and Orientals; higher rates geographically within countries as the equator is approached; and site differences by sex, which appear to be related to clothing differences, all support a role for solar exposure. Migration data and case control studies have emphasized the importance of intense exposures early in life rather than cumulative total lifetime exposure, which appears to be more important with the nonmelanoma forms of skin cancer. With the recognition of dysplastic nevi as precursors to melanoma, the causation of melanoma appears multifactored. The mechanisms by which sunlight may be involved in melanoma etiology are considered.
Publication Types:
PMID: 3302965, UI: 87289291
Other Formats: Links:
Br J Dermatol 1986 Jul;115(1):67-76
A survey has been carried out of people using UV-A sunbeds at commercial premises in the U.K. The degree of tan achieved was found to be closely related to the subject's ability to tan in sunlight, and subjects who burnt easily in sunlight were most at risk of developing erythema after using a sunbed. Side-effects, particularly itching, were common. The prevalence of itching, nausea and skin rashes were higher in women taking oral contraceptives than in women on no medication. Although long-term quantitative estimates of the risks of UV-A sunbed use (such as skin ageing and skin cancer) are unknown, it is recommended that individuals who do not tan or tan poorly should be discouraged from using sunbeds.
PMID: 3730279, UI: 86269736
JAMA 1986 Jun 13;255(22):3120
PMID: 3702021, UI: 86200602
Health Phys 1986 Jun;50(6):691-703
High incidences of skin damage and skin cancer amongst Australians have resulted in numerous campaigns to encourage people to protect themselves against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The detrimental effects of UV-B radiation have been known for some time but recently there has been concern over the effects of UV-A radiation which had been thought of as relatively harmless. The proliferation of solaria, which incorporate UV-A sources, prompted the issuing of an Australian standard dealing with technical and non-technical aspects of the artificial suntanning industry. The purpose of this study was to measure the irradiance and spectral distribution of the emission from sunbeds and other UVR sources used for tanning, to evaluate the hazard potential and also the compliance with the standard. It was found that the majority of the UV-A lamps evaluated met the requirements of the standard. The UV-B lamps and portable sunlamps are potentially hazardous and their use should be discouraged. In general, the survey of solaria highlighted the need for further education of the public and especially the users and operators of solaria, on the hazards of UVR and of protective measures required for its safe use.
PMID: 3710779, UI: 86223211
Dermatol Clin 1986 Apr;4(2):189-93
Cutaneous pigment responses to ultraviolet radiation are outlined in this article. The responses induced by different wavebands are compared, and the protection against further exposure that is conferred by different types of tanning is discussed. The term "tanning" is used here to denote the spectrum of adaptive changes in the skin resulting from ultraviolet exposure and is not applied exclusively to increased melanin pigmentation.
PMID: 3955891, UI: 86162355
Am J Epidemiol 1985 Oct;122(4):606-19
The authors conducted a study of 404 melanoma patients and 521 control patients of both sexes at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. As have previous investigators, they found that higher risk attaches to upper socioeconomic status, as measured by occupation and education, lightness of complexion and hair, and amount of blue in the admixture of eye color. The authors also found a higher risk among individuals who reacted to sun exposure by burning, blistering, or freckling rather than by tanning. A particular concern was to measure risk associated with exposure to the sun. As have two other investigators, they found that risk decreased with increasing exposure, suggesting either that individuals continually exposed to the sun have less risk because of tanning, or that susceptibles purposely avoid sun exposure, or both. The fact that melanoma occurs with greater frequency on sites exposed to the sun suggests that sun exposure plays a part. These studies showed a dose-response increase in risk (odds ratios of up to 4 for males and over 6 for females) with increases in number of traits possessed, such as light complexion, and burning or freckling in response to sun exposure. This is consistent with the authors' earlier finding of a strong familial aggregation of melanoma.
PMID: 4025303, UI: 85276215
Am Fam Physician 1985 Sep;32(3):142-6
The new indoor tanning units use predominantly ultraviolet A radiation, which has less potential than ultraviolet B for causing acute sunburn but more potential for photosensitivity reactions. Effects of long-term exposure to ultraviolet A may include dermal degenerative changes and predisposition skin cancer.
PMID: 4036772, UI: 85303845
Br J Dermatol 1982 Sep;107(3):275-84
There are many types of sun-beds, sun-benches and sun-panels containing fluorescent tubes which, because of their predominantly UV-A emission, are advertised to the public as a means of obtaining a tan without sunburn. This study reports the effects of a sun-bed on skin colour, on the protection afforded against sunburn, and on vitamin D formation. Side-effects are also recorded. It was shown that the sun-bed emits mainly UV-A but very little UV-B and some tanning occurred in most subjects. However, no correlation was observed between the subjects' stated ability to tan and the degree of pigmentation achieved at the end of the treatment. Most subjects also had itching and erythema, and three had polymorphic light eruption. Although very little UV-B irradiation was present, a significant increase in serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D occurred, and possible explanations of this surprising finding are discussed. While the sun-bed proved popular with the subjects, only a modest tan was achieved and the incidence of side-effects appeared to limit the value of this type of appliance, especially with regard to the prevention of vitamin D deficiency.
PMID: 6981420, UI: 83000148
Med J Aust 1982 May 15;1(10):430-1
Many individuals will seek artificial skin-tanning methods despite recognition of their hazards. The long-wave ultraviolet light (UVA) sources provide a deeper tan and are potentially safer than the short-wave (UVB) sources for most people, hence the use of UVB should be confined to therapeutic purposes. However, there should be adequate warning that UVA is not harmless and, like UVB, will not tan some people's skin effectively. At this moment, there are insufficient data to predict what will be the long-term effect of selective use of UVA both on skin and on eyes. The dosage for a given exposure time will vary from one UVA apparatus to the next and cannot be assessed on the basis of redness, as is with UVB. This is a particularly serious potential hazard for people who purchase UVA units for private use. Adequate eye protection should be mandatory, until proved otherwise. Rigid safety standards are needed for the operation of UVA solaria.
PMID: 7099071, UI: 82245078
J Plast Reconstr Surg Nurs 1982 Summer;2(2):43-4
PMID: 6922921, UI: 83033198
South Med J 1981 Jul;74(7):837-40
Suntan salon franchises burst upon the economic scene in the United States in 1978 and proliferated rapidly. At present it is estimated that between 1,000 and 2,000 salons are active in the country. Of the two types in use, the more common uses a fluorescent UVB source which emits primarily the highly injurious sunburn rays between 290 and 320 nm. These are the rays that not only are responsible for the acute cellular injury and erythema called "sunburn," but at least under experimental conditions are the most carcinogenic. The UVA units are found primarily in Europe. The hazards of their rays have not been clarified as yet, but they are known to be responsible for the vast majority of exogenously photosensitized reactions that occur in the skin, they do augment the acute injury produced by the UVB rays, they cause dermal blood vessel damage, and they can produce lenticular injury. In conclusion, tanning for cosmetic purposes is not innocuous.
PMID: 7256331, UI: 81249462
N Engl J Med 1980 Jun 26;302(26):1483
PMID: 7374724, UI: 80188130
Wis Med J 1980 Jun;79(6):116-7
PMID: 7405264, UI: 80261291
J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1979 Oct;5(10):774
PMID: 500923, UI: 80050383
the above reports in Macintosh PC UNIX Text HTML format documents on this page through Loansome Doc
